Abdelrady, A. H., & Akram, H. (2022). An empirical study of ClassPoint tool application in enhancing EFL students’ online learning satisfaction. Systems, 10(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10050154
Ahmadipour, H. (2022). Online learning self-efficacy: A necessity for virtual education. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_848_21
An, Z., Wang, C., Li, S., Gan, Z., and Li, H. (2021). Technology-assisted self-regulated English language learning: Associations with English language self-efficacy, English enjoyment, and learning outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 558466. https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558466
ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH. (2023). ATLAS.ti (Version 24.1.0) [Computer software]. ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH.
Badrkhani, P. (2021). Pros and cons of COVID-19 in Iran: How the Coronavirus outbreak has affected the culture and living style of people of this ancient land. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1825261
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bernauer, J., Rook, R., Swab, J., Bernauer, M., & Bernauer, P. (2020). Teaching and learning qualitative inquiry online and impacts on family life. The Qualitative Report, 25(4), 1060-1081. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4049
Beyens, I., Keijsers, L., & Coyne, S. M. (2022). Social media, parenting, and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, Article 101350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101350
Borup, J., Stevens, M., & Waters, L. H. (2015). Parent and student perceptions of parent engagement at a cyber charter high school. Online Learning, 19(5), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Butler, Y. G., & Le, V. N. (2018). A longitudinal investigation of parental social-economic status (SES) and young students’ learning of English as a foreign language. System, 73(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.07.005
Cabello-Hutt, T., Cabello, P., & Claro, M. (2018). Online opportunities and risks for children and adolescents: The role of digital skills, age, gender and parental mediation in Brazil. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2411-2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481772416
Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P. H., Lee, C. M., Chiang, J. T., & Pan, Y. C. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013
Chen, L., & Shi, J. (2019). Reducing harm from media: A meta-analysis of parental mediation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018754908
Chen, V. H. H., & Chng, G. S. (2016). Active and restrictive parental mediation over time: Effects on youths’ self-regulatory competencies and impulsivity. Computers & Education, 98, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.012
Cho, M. H., & Jonassen, D. (2009). Development of the human interaction dimension of the self‐regulated learning questionnaire in asynchronous online learning environments. Educational Psychology, 29(1), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802516934
Cho, M. H., Demei, S., & Laffey, J. (2010). Relationships between self-regulation and social experiences in asynchronous online learning environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 21(3), 297-316.
Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(4), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x
Cobern, W., & Adams, B. (2020). When interviewing: How many is enough? International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.693217
Courtois, C., & Nelissen, S. (2018). Family television viewing and its alternatives: Associations with closeness within and between generations. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(4), 673-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1523907
Dashtestani, R. (2014). English as a foreign language—teachers’ perspectives on implementing online instruction in the Iranian EFL context.
Research in Learning Technology,
22. 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.20142
Dressman, M., & Sadler, R. W. (Eds.). (2020). The handbook of informal language learning. John Wiley & Sons.
Elliot, A. J., Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2017). Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application. Guilford Publications.
Ergin, D. A., & Kapçı, E. G. (2019). Validity and reliability study of parental mediation for internet usage scale adolescent and parent forms in the Turkish sample. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 10(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.457218
Ericsson, K. A., Hoffman, R. R., Kozbelt, A., & Williams, A. M. (Eds.). (2018). The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. Cambridge University Press.
Festl, R. (2021). Social media literacy & adolescent social online behavior in Germany. Journal of Children and Media, 15(2), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1770110
Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2017). A matter of style? Exploring the effects of parental mediation styles on early adolescents’ media violence exposure and aggression.
Computers in Human Behavior,
70, 407-415.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.029
Frawley, T., Carroll, L., Casey, M., Davies, C., Durning, J., Halligan, P., et al. (2019). Evaluation of a national training program to support engagement in mental health services: Learning enablers and learning gains. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 26(9-10), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12535
Fujiko, Y., & Austin, E. W. (2002). The relationship of family communication patterns to parental mediation styles.
Communication Research,
29(6), 642-665.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002237830
Gao, H., Ou, Y., Zhang, Z., Ni, M., Zhou, X., & Liao, L. (2021). The relationship between family support and e-learning engagement in college students: The mediating role of e-learning normative consciousness and behaviors and self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 573779. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573779
Gentile, D. A., Bailey, K., Bavelier, D., Brockmyer, J. F., Cash, H., Coyne, S. M., Doan, A., Grant, D. S., Green, C. S., Griffiths, M., Markle, T., Petry, N. M., Prot, S., Rae, C. D., Rehbein, F., Rich, M., Sullivan, D., Woolley, E., & Young, K. (2017). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement_2), S81-S85. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758H
Gentile, D. A., Nathanson, A. I., Rasmussen, E. E., Reimer, R. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2012). Do you see what I see? Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. Family Relations, 61(3), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x
Golonka, E. M., Bowles, A. R., Frank, V. M., Richardson, D. L., & Freynik, S. (2014). Technologies for foreign language learning: A review of technology types and their effectiveness. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(1), 70-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2012.700315
Hammer, M., Scheiter, K., & Stürmer, K. (2021). New technology, new role of parents: How parents' beliefs and behavior affect students’ digital media self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, Article 106642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106642
Harsch, C., Mueller-Karabil, A., & Buchminskaia, E. (2021). Addressing the challenges of interaction in online language courses. System, 103, Article 102673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102673
Hart, C. (2012). Factors associated with student persistence in an online program of study: A review of the literature. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 11(1), 19-42.
Heitner, D. (2016). Screenwise: Helping kids thrive (and survive) in their digital world. Bibliomotion, Inc.
Hwang, G. J., Lai, C. L., & Wang, S. Y. (2015). Seamless flipped learning: A mobile technology-enhanced flipped classroom with effective learning strategies. Journal of Computers in Education, 2, 449-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-015-0043-0
IBM Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 26.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corp.
Jeffery, C. P. (2021). Parenting in the digital age: Between socio-biological and socio-technological development. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1045-1062. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820908606
Jiang, Y., Shang, J., & Jiao, L. (2023). Review of China's online education policy, 1999-2022. ECNU Review of Education, 6(1), 155-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/209653112210995
Jiow, H. J., Lim, S. S., & Lin, J. (2017). Level up! Refreshing parental mediation theory for our digital media landscape. Communication Theory, 27(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12109
Kirwil, L. (2009). Parental mediation of children's internet use in different European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 3(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790903233440
Kong, S. C. (2018). Parents’ perceptions of e-learning in school education: Implications for the partnership between schools and parents. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 27(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2017.1317659
Kuldas, S., Sargioti, A., Milosevic, T., & Norman, J. O. H. (2021). A review and content validation of 10 measurement scales for parental mediation of children’s internet use. International Journal of Communication, 15, 4062-4084. https:// ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17265.
Lareau A. (2011). Invisible inequality. In A. R. Sadovnik (Ed.), Sociology of education: A critical reader (2nd ed., pp. 359-388). Routledge.
Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., & Hwaang, P. (2005). Factors influencing adolescents’ engagement in risky internet behavior. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(6), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.513
Lim, S. S. (2018). Transcendent parenting in digitally connected families: When the technological meets the social. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 31-39). Nordicom.
Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2006). Regulating the internet at home: Contrasting the perspectives of children and parents. In D. Buckingham & R. Willett (Eds.), Digital generations (pp. 93-113). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396
Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277
Meeus, A., Beyens, I., Geusens, F., Sodermans, A. K., & Beullens, K. (2018). Managing positive and negative media effects among adolescents: Parental mediation matters—but not always. Journal of Family Communication, 18(4), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1487443
Mendoza, K. (2009). Surveying parental mediation: Connections, challenges and questions for media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 1(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-1-1-3
Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R. E., Wisniewski, P., & Orben, A. (2022). What is digital parenting? A systematic review of past measurement and blueprint for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(6), 1673-1691. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211072458
Naab, T. (2018). From media trusteeship to parental mediation: The development of parental mediation. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 93–102). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002
Nathanson, A. I. (2018). How parents manage young children’s mobile media use. In J. Van Hook, J., S. McHale, & V. King (Eds), Families and Technology (pp. 3-22). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95540-7_1 3-22.
Nelson, M. K. (2010). Parenting out of control: Anxious parents in uncertain times. NYU Press.
Nikken, P. (2017). Implications of low or high media use among parents for young children’s media use. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(3), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-3-1
Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2014). Developing scales to measure parental mediation of young children's internet use. Learning, Media and Technology, 39(2), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.782038
Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3423-3435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4
Odgers, C. L. (2019). Why digital tools have not yet revolutionized adolescent health research and what we can do. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(3), 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12534
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1153-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005
Paus-Hasebrink, I., Kulterer, L., & Sinner, P. (2019). Social inequality, childhood and the media: A longitudinal study of the mediatization of socialization. Palgrave Macmillan.
Prior, D. D., Mazanov, J., Meacham, D., Heaslip, G., & Hanson, J. (2016). Attitude, digital literacy and self-efficacy: Flow-on effects for online learning behavior. Internet and Higher Education, 29, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.01.001
Rahmawati, R. N. (2019). Self-efficacy and use of e-learning: A theoretical review technology acceptance model (TAM). American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 3(5), 41-55.
Sauro, S., & Zourou, K. (2019). What are the digital wilds? Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 1-7.
Sayer, P., & Braun, D. (2020). The disparate impact of COVID‐19 remote learning on English learners in the United States. TESOL Journal, 11(3), Article e00546. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.546
Shin, D. S., & Seger, W. (2016). Web 2.0 technologies and parent involvement of ELL students: An ecological perspective. The Urban Review, 48, 311-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-016-0356-y
Shin, W., & Li, B. (2017). Parental mediation of children’s digital technology use in Singapore. Journal of Children and Media, 11(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2016.1203807
Shin, W., & Lwin, M. O. (2017). How does “talking about the internet with others” affect teenagers’ experience of online risks? The role of active mediation by parents, peers, and school teachers. New Media & Society, 19(7), 1109-1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815626612
Shin, W., & Lwin, M. O. (2022). Parental mediation of children’s digital media use in high digital penetration countries: Perspectives from Singapore and Australia. Asian Journal of Communication, 32(4), 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2022.2026992
Socket, G. (2014). The online informal learning of English. Palgrave Macmillan.
Steinfeld, N. (2021). Parental mediation of adolescent internet use: Combining strategies to promote awareness, autonomy and self-regulation in preparing youth for life on the web. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1897-1920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10342-w
Sundqvist, P., & Sylvén, L. K. (2016). Extramural English in teaching and learning: From theory and research to practice. Springer.
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017a). A factorial validation of parental mediation strategies with regard to internet use.
Psychologica Belgica,
57(2), 93-111. https://doi.org/
10.5334/pb.372
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017b). A qualitative study into parental mediation of adolescents' internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.004
Taipjutorus, W., Hansen, S., & Brown, M. (2012). Investigating a relationship between learner control and self-efficacy in an online learning environment. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 16(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.383847450123930
Takeuchi. L., Stevens. R. (2010). The new co-viewing: Designing for learning through joint media engagement. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center.
Tao, J., & Gao, X. A. (2022). Teaching and learning languages online: Challenges and responses. System, 107, Article 102819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102819
Tarrayo, V. N., Paz, R. M. O., & Gepila Jr, E. C. (2023). The shift to flexible learning amidst the pandemic: The case of English language teachers in a Philippine state university. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 17(1), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1944163
Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
Valkenburg, P. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Hermanns, J., & De Leeuw, R. (2013). Developing and validating the perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective. Human Communication Research, 39(4), 445-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12010
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wu, Y. T., & Tsai, C. C. (2006). University students' internet attitudes and internet self-efficacy: A study at three universities in Taiwan. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 441-450. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.441
Xu, S., & Jin, Y. (2024). Chinese adolescents’ socioeconomic status and English achievement: The mediating role of parental emotional support. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), Article 1504. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04048-4
Yavuzalp, N., & Bahcivan, E. (2020). The online learning self-efficacy scale: Its adaptation into Turkish and interpretation according to various variables. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.674388
Young, R., & Tully, M. (2022). Autonomy vs. control: Associations among parental mediation, perceived parenting styles, and US adolescents’ risky online experiences. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(2), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-2-5
Zheng, B., Lin, C. H., & Kwon, J. B. (2020). The impact of learner-, instructor-, and course-level factors on online learning. Computers & Education, 150, Article 103851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103851
Zimmerman, W. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (2016). Online learning self-efficacy in students with and without online learning experience. American Journal of Distance Education, 30(3), 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2016.1193801
', './data/jtls/coversheet/cover_en.jpg'))