Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Shahrekord University

Abstract

A significant amount of contribution to pragmatics research comes from cross-cultural and developmental pragmatic studies with L2 learners in focus; however, despite broad interest in such analyses, the role of lecturers has been relatively ignored. As the lectures’ perceptions/opinions of L2 learners’ e-mail requests are important, L2 learners must become familiar with their lecturers’ perceptions of (in)appropriateness and (im)politeness of e-mail requests. Therefore, through examining Iranian applied linguistics lecturers’ perceptions of (in)appropriateness and (im)politeness of L2 learners’ e-mail requests, this study was an attempt to provide insights into lecturers’ ideal norms of (in)appropriateness and (im)politeness of L2 learners’ e-mail requests. To this aim, a purposive sample of 38 university lectures participated in this study. A questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The lecturers’ comments in the questionnaire served as the basis to identify the major themes (e.g., directness, language use accuracy, etc.). An in-depth qualitative analysis of the lecturers’ comments revealed that the perceptions of the lecturers were greatly influenced by the use of appropriate openings and closings of the e-mails. Also, language use accuracy and appropriateness were among the most recurring reasons mentioned by the lecturers to regard the e-mails as (in)appropriate and (im)polite. Overall, the results stress the importance of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of language for applied linguistics lecturers. Findings have implications for L2 learners, teachers, and researchers.

Keywords

Abdi, R., Tavangar Rizi, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2010). The cooperative principle in discourse communities and genres: A framework for the use of metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1669-1679.
Alemi, M., Eslami, Z. R. & Rezanejad, A. (2015). Iranian nonnative English-speaking teachers’ rating criteria regarding the speech act of compliment: An investigation of teachers’ variables. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 33(3), 21-49.
Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2005). Communication topics and strategies in e-mail consultation: Com­parison between American and international university students. Language Learning & Technology, 9(2), 24-46.
Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2007). Student writing e-mails to faculty: An examination of e-politeness among native and nonnative speakers of English. Language Learning & Technology, 11(2), 59-81.
Bloch, J. (2002). Student/teacher interaction via e-mail: The social context of Internet discourse. Online Journal of Second Language Writing, 11, 117-134.
Bolkan, S., & Holmgren, J. L. (2012). "You are such a great teacher, and I hate to bother you but . . .'': Instructors' evaluations of students and their use of e-mail messages with varying politeness strategies. Communication Education, 61(3), 253-270.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). The CCSARP coding manual. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies (pp. 273-294). Norwood: Ablex.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bunz, U., & Campbell, S. W. (2004). Politeness accommodation in electronic mail. Communication Research Reports, 21, 11-25.
Byron, K., & Baldridge, D. C.  (2007). E-mail recipients’ impressions of senders’ likability: The interactive effect of nonverbal cues and recipients’ personality. Journal of Business Communication, 44(2), 137-160.
Chen, C. F. E. (2001). Making e-mail requests to professors: Taiwanese vs. American students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, St. Louis, United States.
Coulmas, F. (2005). Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers’ choices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crowther, G., & Goldhaber, G. (2001). Face-to-face or e-mail: The medium makes a difference. Communication World, 18, 25-26.
Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J., Haugh, M., & Kadar, D. Z. (2017). The Palgrave handbook of linguistic (im)politeness. Macmillan, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2011). Please answer me as soon as possible: Pragmatic failure in nonnative speakers’ e-mail requests to faculty. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(13), 3193-3215.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2016). Variation in evaluations of the (im)politeness of e-mails from L2 learners and perceptions of the personality of their senders. Journal of Pragmatics, 106, 1-19.
Eslami, Z. R. (2013). Online communication and students’ pragmatic choices in English. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 9, 71-92.
Eslami, Z. R. & Eslami-Rasekh, A. (2008). Enhancing the pragmatic competence of nonnative English-speaking teacher candidates in an EFL context. Investigating Pragmatics in Foreign Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing, 30(2), 178-197.
Eslami, Z., R., Eslami-Rasekh, A., & Fatahi, A. (2004). The effect of explicit metapragmatic instruction on the speech act awareness of advanced EFL students. TESL-EJ, 8(20), 1-12.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2012). E-mail requests to faculty: E-politeness and internal modification. In M. Economidou-Kogetsidis & H. Woodfield (Eds.), Interlanguage request modifiers (pp. 87-118). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Fraser, B. (1975). Hedged performatives. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (pp. 44-68). New York: Academic Press.
Fraser, B. (2010). Pragmatic competence: The case of hedging. In G. Kaltenböck, W. Mihatsch, & S. Schneider (Eds.), New approaches to hedging (pp. 15-34). London: Emerald.
Hashemian, M. (2012). Cross-cultural differences and pragmatic transfer in English and Persian refusals. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 31(3), 23-46.
Hashemian, M., & Farhang-Ju, M. (2017). A pragmatic study of speech acts by Iranian and Spanish English learners. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8, 14-20.
Haugh, M., & Schneider, K. P. (2012). Im/politeness across English. Journal of Pragmatics, 44, 1017-1022.
Hendriks, B. (2010). An experimental study of native speaker perceptions of nonnative request modification in e-mails in English. Intercultural Pragmatics, 7(2), 221-255.
Jalilifar, A. (2009). Request strategies: Cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners and Australian native speakers. ELT Journal, 2(1), 46-61.
Jessmer, S., & Anderson, D. (2001). The effect of politeness and grammar on user perceptions of electronic mail. North American Journal of Psychology, 3, 331-346.
Izadi, A., & Zilaie, F. (2012). Politeness strategies in e-mail exchanges in Persian. Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture, 2(1), 86-90.
Kadar, D. Z., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman.
Locher, M. (2004). Power and politeness in action: Disagreements in oral communication. Berlin: Mouton.
McAndrew, F., & De Jonge, C. (2011). Electronic person perception: What do we infer about people from the style of their e-mail messages? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 403-407.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Najeeb, Z. M., Maros, M., & Nor, N. F. M.  (2012). Politeness in e-mails of Arab students in Malaysia. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 12(1), 125-145.
Hayati, M., Shokouhi, H., & Hadadi, F. (2012). A genre analysis of reprint request e-mails written by EFL and physics professionals. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 30(3), 21-42
Mohammadi, R. (2016). A cross-cultural pragmatic study of salutation strategies and small talks in students’ requestive e-mails to faculty: Iranian EFL and American contexts. Unpublished master’s thesis, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
Parviz, M. (2012). Politeness accommodation in e-mail requests among Iranian postgraduate students of EFL. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 1(7), 127-136.
Rue, Y. J. & Zhang, G. Q. (2008). Request strategies. A comparative study in MandarinChinese and Korean. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tajeddin, Z., & Alemi, M. (2012). Pragmatic rater training: Does it affect rating accuracy and consistency? Iranian Journal of Language Testing, 4(1), 66-83.
Savic, M. (2018). Lecturer perceptions of im/politeness and in/appropriateness in student e-mail requests: A Norwegian perspective. Journal of Pragmatics, 124, 52-72.
Stephens, K., Houser, M., & Cowan, R. (2009). R U able to meat me: The impact of students’ overly casual e-mail messages to instructors. Communication Education, 58(3), 303-326.
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Trager, G. L. (1958). Paralanguage: A first approximation. Studies in Linguistics, 13, 1-12.
Waldvogal, J. (2007). Greetings and closings in workplace e-mail. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 456-477.
Zarei, G., & Mohammadi, M. (2012). E-politeness in Iranian English electronic requests to the faculty. Research in Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 3-24.
Zou, X., & Leung, A. K. (2015). Enriching cultural psychology with research insights on norms and intersubjective representations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1238-1244.